{"id":29155,"date":"2017-10-20T19:11:24","date_gmt":"2017-10-20T19:11:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/tr\/uncategorized-tr\/guarding-against-tyranny-snyders-twenty-lessons-from-history\/"},"modified":"2017-10-20T22:30:03","modified_gmt":"2017-10-20T22:30:03","slug":"despotizme-nasil-karsi-konulur-snyder-ve-tarihten-alinan-20-ders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/tr\/despotizme-nasil-karsi-konulur-snyder-ve-tarihten-alinan-20-ders\/","title":{"rendered":"Despotizme nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131 konulur? Snyder ve tarihten al\u0131nan 20 ders"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yale \u00dcniversitesi tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc Timothy Snyder\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve yazar olarak ne kadar sayg\u0131n bir \u015fahsiyet oldu\u011funu biliyordum. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Kanl\u0131 Topraklar: Hitler ve Stalin Aras\u0131nda Avrupa<\/a> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131, eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve\u00a0 Avrupa tarihiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgili oldu\u011fum g\u00fcnlerde, ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 buldu\u011fum, alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek okudu\u011fum kitaplar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Son kitab\u0131 \u2018On Tyranny- Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century<\/a>\u2019 (Despotizm \u00dczerine- 20.Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 20 Tarih Dersi) bu y\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlan\u0131p, b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde sevinmi\u015ftim.<\/p>\n

Hatta, kitap haline gelmeden \u00f6nce, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Kas\u0131m\u2019da, Medyascope<\/a>, Profes\u00f6r Snyder\u2019in ayn\u0131 konulu makalesini \u00e7evirip, T\u00fcrk okuyucusuna duyurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u015fimdi yazacaklar\u0131m \u2018son dakika\u2019 bilgisi de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Aylar \u00f6nceden kitab\u0131 okumay\u0131, Snyder\u2019\u0131n Avrupa tarihi ile Trump Amerika\u2019s\u0131 aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir paralellik kurdu\u011funu g\u00f6rmeyi planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Ama bu hafta Snyerd\u2019\u0131n, \u00a0Londra merkezli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu Chatham House <\/a>\u2018da verdi\u011fi \u2018Modern Otoriterlik\u2019 konulu konferans\u0131n\u0131 dinleyinceye kadar, kitab\u0131nda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne dair dile getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlerle T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Profes\u00f6r Snyder\u2019\u0131n 126 sayfal\u0131k mini kitab\u0131, \u201ctarih tekerr\u00fcrden ibaret de\u011fildir ama gelece\u011fe \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar, yol g\u00f6sterir\u201d diyerek ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Benzer konular\u0131 i\u015fleyen kitaplardan farkl\u0131 olarak, otoriter rejimlerin nas\u0131l ve neden y\u00fckseldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamakla kalm\u0131yor; onlarla nas\u0131l m\u00fccadele edilebilece\u011fini de anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Tarihten herkesin alabilece\u011fi bir ders oldu\u011funu vurgulamakla birlikte, Profes\u00f6r Snyder\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Amerika\u2019s\u0131 \u00a0i\u00e7in vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, di\u011fer \u00fclkelere de uygulamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Chatham House\u2019da dinleyiciler aras\u0131nda bir bireyin, T\u00fcrkiye ile bir k\u0131yaslama yapmas\u0131 \u00f6nerisine, ihtiyatl\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir yan\u0131t verdi\u011fini de belirtmem gerek.<\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen, s\u00f6yledikleri ve yazd\u0131klar\u0131, bana, 1930\u2019lar\u0131n Avrupa\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Trump Amerika\u2019s\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan tarih derslerine ek olarak, despotizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlama yolunda h\u0131zl\u0131 ad\u0131mlar atan T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in de kayda de\u011fer g\u00f6zlemler i\u00e7erdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Snyder\u2019\u0131n ilk ders ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cHemen, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak bask\u0131ya boyun e\u011fmeyin\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u201cOtoriter liderlere g\u00fc\u00e7, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, adeta tepsi \u00fczerinde haz\u0131r sunuluyor\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u2018Sorgulamadan boyun e\u011fme\u2019, yeni ko\u015fullara i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel olarak, hemen uyum sa\u011flamaya yatk\u0131n kitlelerin ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer tarih dersi, \u2018Kurumlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cKurumlar\u0131n, do\u011frudan sald\u0131r\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bile ayakta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farabileceklerini varsay\u0131yoruz. Ayn\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015fa, Hitler ve Nazi y\u00f6netimi iktidara geldi\u011finde Almanya\u2019daki Yahudiler de d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi\u201d diyor yazar\u0131m\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesi, ilk \u00e7i\u011fnenen oluyor. Oysa hukuk devletini kurmak zor, y\u0131kmak ise \u00e7ok kolay. Ba\u015ftan itibaren koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmad\u0131klar\u0131 takdirde, kurumlar birbiri ard\u0131na domino ta\u015flar\u0131 gibi d\u00fc\u015febiliyorlar.<\/p>\n

\u201cTek parti rejimi tehlikesini g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmeyin,<\/strong>\u201d diye uyar\u0131yor Snyder. \u2018\u00c7ok partili \u00e7o\u011fulcu sistemi ve demokratik, serbest se\u00e7im sistemininin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnetmeyin\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cD\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l oldu\u011fu \u00f6nemli. Bu konuda sorumluluk \u00fcstlenin<\/strong>\u201d derken kastetti\u011fi, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn sembollerinin yar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fi haline gelece\u011fi.<\/p>\n

\u201cGamal\u0131 ha\u00e7lara, nefret s\u00f6ylemine dikkat edin. Duymazdan g\u00f6rmezden gelmeyin. Al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cMesleki etik kurallar\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesini \u00f6nemseyin<\/strong>\u201d \u201cSiyasi liderler k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6rnek olduklar\u0131nda, profesyonel standartlar, etik kurallar, adaletin tesisi i\u00e7in her zamankinden daha da \u00f6nemli olur.\u201d \u201cHele, durumun ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc oldu\u011fu tekrar tekrar hat\u0131rlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ilkesel davran\u0131\u015f bizim tek yol g\u00f6stericimizdir\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fte sisteme muhalif olmakla \u00f6v\u00fcnenler \u00fcniforma giyip silah ku\u015fanmaya ba\u015flarsa, bu felaketin habercisidir. Hele bir de liderlerinin foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 ellerine al\u0131p, \u00a0me\u015falelerle sokaklara d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrlerse. Milislere \u00e7ok dikkat edin\u201d.<\/p>\n

Profes\u00f6r Snyder\u2019dan me\u015fru silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere de bir uyar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

\u201cKamu hizmeti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde silah ta\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Tanr\u0131 sizi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tehlikeden \u00a0korusun. Ama unutmay\u0131n ki, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte askere de polise de \u2018d\u00fczenli olmayan\u2019 eylemlere giri\u015fmeleri emri verildi\u011fine tan\u0131k olundu. Gerekti\u011finde emri sorgulamay\u0131 ve hay\u0131r demeyi bilin\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Snyder, g\u00fcvenlik ile \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler aras\u0131nda bir se\u00e7im yapmak zorunda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u2018Ter\u00f6rizm\u2019, \u2018a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 gibi terimleri geli\u015fig\u00fczel kullanmamak gerekti\u011fini vurguluyor. Otoriter liderlerin, ger\u00e7ek ya da yapay krizler \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi ba\u015fard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bundan yarar sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Herkesin diline dolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zleri, deyimleri kullanmay\u0131n, \u2018ger\u00e7e\u011fe inan\u0131n\u2019<\/strong> diyor.<\/p>\n

Profes\u00f6r Snyder\u2019a g\u00f6re, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn otoriter liderleri, kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak belirsizlik ve kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratmay\u0131 seviyor. Hatta daha da sert bir ifadeyle, \u2018ger\u00e7ek-\u00f6tesi denilen, asl\u0131nda fa\u015fizmin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr\u2019 diyor.<\/p>\n

Bizi \u201cher \u015feyi sorgulamaya\u201d<\/strong>, olaylar\u0131 ince eleyip s\u0131k dokumaya ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, gazetecileri desteklemeye te\u015fvik ediyor. Unutmayal\u0131m ki, her otoriter rejim, ilk olarak gazetecilerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ezmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Dostluklar\u0131m\u0131za sahip \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131z\u0131, insanlarla g\u00f6z g\u00f6ze gelmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmamam\u0131z\u0131 ve yeni arkada\u015flar edinmemizi tavsiye ediyor. \u201c1920\u2019li, 30\u2019lu, 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n Almanya\u2019s\u0131nda, Stalin\u2019in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde, bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar, kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 unutmad\u0131lar. Arkada\u015flar, meslekta\u015flar, tan\u0131d\u0131klar, birbirlerini \u00a0tan\u0131mazdan geldi\u011finde, sokakta g\u00f6r\u00fcnce yol de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde, korku daha da derinle\u015fti\u201d diyerek an\u0131msat\u0131yor o d\u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel hayat\u0131n mahremiyetini korumak \u00f6nemli. \u2018Sosyal medyada \u00f6zel bilgilerinizi payla\u015fmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n. \u0130nternet \u00fczerinden gelebilecek virus ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131n\u2019 uyar\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer tarih dersi, \u2018\u201dSiyasi olsun ya da olmas\u0131n, kendi hayat felsefenizi yans\u0131tan sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131n. Faal ve yard\u0131msever olun\u2019 \u015feklinde.<\/p>\n

Snyder, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde halihaz\u0131rda ya\u015fanan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir e\u011filimin yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Bir \u00fclkenin bu sorunlarla tek ba\u015f\u0131na ba\u015fedemeyece\u011fine inan\u0131yor. \u201cDi\u011fer \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n deneyimlerinden yararlan\u0131n, onlarla ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 koparmay\u0131n. Dostluk ve ileti\u015fim kanallar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k tutun\u201d tavsiyesinde bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

\u201cOn Tyranny\u201d k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z bir kitap ama despotizmle bo\u011fu\u015fan her \u00fclke i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli, anlaml\u0131, sa\u011fduyulu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin deneyimlerinden ders \u00e7\u0131karmak, gelece\u011fin teminat\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kadar gerekliyse, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fananlar\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131p, kendi \u00fclkemizde ayn\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flara d\u00fc\u015fmemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak da bir o kadar \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yale \u00dcniversitesi tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc Timothy Snyder\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve yazar olarak ne kadar sayg\u0131n bir \u015fahsiyet oldu\u011funu biliyordum. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Kanl\u0131 Topraklar: Hitler ve Stalin Aras\u0131nda Avrupa adl\u0131 kitab\u0131, eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve\u00a0 Avrupa tarihiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgili oldu\u011fum g\u00fcnlerde, ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 buldu\u011fum, alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek okudu\u011fum kitaplar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Son kitab\u0131 \u2018On Tyranny- Twenty Lessons from the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[4],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29155"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29155"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29157,"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29155\/revisions\/29157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.firdevstalkturkey.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}